Greenspan's Assault on Integrity, annotated

Alan Greenspan is a well-known and supposedly knowledgeable economist from the United States; supposedly, not unquestionably, for two reasons. The first reason is that while I'm not an economist myself, I fancy myself a thinker -- and hopefully more than just fancy, but I'll leave this judgment to thinkers -- and as a supposed thinker, I am not convinced. The second reason is history itself, more precisely the unquestionable fact that under Greenspan's long-lived leadership of the Federal Reserve, the US suffered blow after blow economically, from the ongoing "tech bubble" started in the late 1990s to the recession of 2008.

But instead of trying to answer such nonsensical questions as "was Greenspan a good economist?", we will attempt a practical exercise in understanding the man, by commenting on a text he published more than twenty years before he started playing with federal money policies. Below you have a copy of The Assault on Integrity, published in August 1963 in The Objectivist Newsletter, later republished and edited by Ayn Rand, etc., and now annotated by yours truly.

Protection of the consumer against "dishonest and unscrupulous business practices" has become a cardinal ingredient of welfare statism. Left to their own devices, it is alleged, businessmen would attempt to sell unsafe food and drugs, fraudulent securities, and shoddy buildings. Thus, it is argued, the Pure Food and Drug Administration, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the numerous building regulatory agencies are indispensable if the consumer is to be protected from the "greed" of the businessman.

But it is precisely the "greed" of the businessman or, more appropriately, his profit-seeking, which is the unexcelled protector of the consumer.

But how is this so-called "greed" measured? For their pretended adherence to science, said regulatory agencies are markedly lacking in rigorousness with respect to their claims. How do we quantify greed? By measuring profits? But any rational (and thus self-interested) agent will try to make a profit. By measuring the amount of people with E. coli infections? But that could be explained in a million other ways (say, incompetence). Which drives us towards the point that intent does not matter one bit in the interaction between economic -- or political, for that matter -- actors¹.

What collectivists refuse to recognize is that it is in the self-interest of every businessman to have a reputation for honest dealings and a quality product. Since the market value of a going business is measured by its money-making potential, reputation or "good will" is as much an asset as its physical plant and equipment. For many a drug company, the value of its reputation, as reflected in the salability of its brand name, is often its major asset. The loss of reputation through the sale of a shoddy or dangerous product would sharply reduce the market value of the drug company, though its physical resources would remain intact. The market value of a brokerage firm is even more closely tied to its good-will assets. Securities worth hundreds of millions of dollars are traded every day over the telephone. The slightest doubt as to the trustworthiness of a broker's word or commitment would put him out of business overnight.

So, you see, it's not what you intend to do that matters, but what you have done so far to deserve sitting at the discussion table. It's basically just acting from causes, not towards purposes. In other words, Greenspan proposes the Web of Trust as a form of organization.

Reputation, in an unregulated economy, is thus a major competitive tool. Builders who have acquired a reputation for top quality construction take the market away from their less scrupulous or less conscientious competitors. The most reputable securities dealers get the bulk of the commission business. Drug manufacturers and food processors vie with one another to make their brand names synonymous with fine quality.

Physicians have to be just as scrupulous in judging the quality of the drugs they prescribe. They, too, are in business and compete for trustworthiness. Even the corner grocer is involved: he cannot afford to sell unhealthy foods if he wants to make money. In fact, ill one way or another, every producer and distributor of goods or services is caught up in the competition for reputation.

It requires years of consistently excellent performance. to acquire a reputation and to establish it as a financial asset. Thereafter, a still greater effort is required to maintain it: a company cannot afford to risk its years of investment by letting down its standards of quality for one moment for one inferior product; nor would it be tempted by any potential "quick killing." Newcomers entering the field cannot compete immediately with the established, reputable companies, and have to spend years working on a more modest scale in order to earn an equal reputation. Thus the incentive to scrupulous performance operates on all levels of a given field of production. It is a built-in safeguard of a free enterprise system and the only real protection of consumers against business dishonesty.

No argument here, at least that's how business works in the civilized world, as opposed to the troglodyte tribes of McDonaldia. Greenspan's explanation is plain, but this does not explain why socialists prefer regulation (that is, a boot stamping on a human face, forever, to quote Orwell) over reputation. Let's read on.

Government regulation is not an alternative means of protecting the consumer. It does not build quality into goods, or accuracy into information. Us² sole "contribution" is to substitute force and fear for incentive as the "protector" of the consumer. The euphemisms of government press releases to the contrary notwithstanding, the basis of regulation is armed force. At the bottom of the endless pile of paper work which characterizes all regulation lies a gun. What are the results?

Greenspan identifies the three basic constituents of any and every totalitarian state: a bureaucracy to "make the policies" (freedom is slavery), a circus to keep people distracted while gathering intelligentia in the field (ignorance is strength) and an armed force to dispose of inconvenient adversaries (war is peace).

To paraphrase Gresham's Law: bad "protection" drives out good. The attempt to protect the consumer by force undercuts the protection he gets from incentive. First, it undercuts the value of reputation by placing the reputable company on the same basis as the unknown, the newcomer, or the fly-by-nighter. It declares, in effect, that all are equally suspect and that years of evidence to the contrary do not free a man from that suspicion. Second, it grants an automatic (though, in fact, unachievable) guarantee of safety to the products of any company that complies with its arbitrarily set minimum standards. The value of a reputation rested on the fact that it was necessary for the consumers to exercise judgment in the choice of the goods and services they purchased. The government's "guarantee" undermines this necessity; it declares to the consumers, in effect, that no choice or judgment is required-and that a company's record, its years of achievement, is irrelevant.

More precisely, socialists identify that at the bottom of the food chain there squirms a category of people (most likely themselves) who are not equipped intellectually to make a choice. Given this, the former propose making a choice for the latter, but since this would be discriminatory and all, they in fact propose making a choice for everyone, including those who can and who would otherwise prefer making a choice for themselves. Nevermind that people are not "equal" by any standards except biological ones (and very often not even those), and nevermind that this doesn't work in practice -- this is exactly what the regulators in question will propose³.

The results? People who are not equipped to choose will still be unable to choose, while those who at least have a potential in this sense will be disincentivised to learn how to make a choice. Meanwhile, people who can and want to make a choice other than the one officially approved by the committee of proper-choice-making will find it harder to do so than if there were no committee at all. You do the math on that.

The minimum standards, which are the basis of regulation, gradually tend to become the maximums as well. If the building codes set minimum standards of construction, a builder does not get very much competitive advantage by exceeding those standards and, accordingly, he tends to meet only the minimums. If minimum specifications are set for vitamins, there is little profit in producing something of above-average quality. Gradually, even the attempt to maintain minimum standards becomes impossible, since the draining of incentives to improve quality ultimately undermines even the minimums.

That isn't to say that minimum standards aren't appropriate in high-risk contexts such as nuclear plants and buildings in areas with high seismic activity -- Taleb has the details on risk and fragility, refer to him for further details. However, this is orders of magnitude removed from what ecologists have done with light bulbs and the automotive market, to give only a couple of examples of an unsustainable planned economy model.

Either way, minimum standards aren't established so much for statal entities to enforce as they are for interested parties to use for verification. Any standard is useless unless the one who pays can verify compliance.

The guiding purpose of the government regulator is to prevent rather than to create something.

That is precisely so. And sometimes prevention is necessary. But it's not necessary unless it's necessary, and please to not underplay the meaning of "necessary".

He gets no credit if a new miraculous drug is discovered by drug company scientists; he does if he bans thalidomide. Such emphasis on the negative sets the framework under which even the most conscientious regulators must operate. The result is a growing body of restrictive legislation on drug experimentation, testing, and distribution. As in all research, it is impossible to add restrictions to the development of new drugs without simultaneously cutting off the secondary rewards of such research -- the improvement of existing drugs. Quality improvement and innovation are inseparable.

Building codes are supposed to protect the public. But by being forced to adhere to standards of construction long after they have been surpassed by new technological discoveries, builders divert their efforts to maintaining the old rather than adopting new and safer techniques of construction.

Greenspan's rhetoric is subtly propagandistic here. The property of any of the items in discussion of being new, modern and whatnot is not relevant. Coincidentally, in the field he mentions (among others), it may take years to prove that a new technology is also safer, during which said technology will have stopped being new.

It may be that he is referring to a particular policy related to construction. "Any material is permitted that withstands a force of x meganewtons per square meter and has the elasticity coefficient y, etc." is a decent policy; at the same time "any material is permitted that is one of alloys x, y and z" is a shitty policy, because construction materials may indeed change easily in time, while wind pressure, soil types, etc. are mostly invariant in a given place. Or if we're not able to comprehend the science behind buildings, we should rather leave that to those who do, shouldn't we?

Moreover, even letting aside risk factors, a badly engineered building is easy to build and hard to demolish, and even if clients make the choice of putting the construction company out of business, the town will be left with an unused building that wastes real estate space, which is a pretty scarce resource. So it's not all that evil for the town to hamper trigger-happy constructors from trying to reach their (potentially overinflated) projections.

Regulation - which is based on force and fear - undermines the moral base of business dealings. It becomes cheaper to bribe a building inspector than to meet his standards of construction. A fly-by-night securities operator can quickly meet all the S.E.C. requirements, gain the inference of respectability, and proceed to fleece the public. In an unregulated economy, the operator would have had to spend a number of years in reputable dealings before he could earn a position of trust sufficient to induce a number of investors to place funds with him.

That's a very good observation. Inasmuch as the town doesn't act unequivocally, trigger-happy constructors will have no problems buying the right people in the right places -- just in case you thought "lupta împotriva corupției"⁴ was anything but gargle.

Protection of the consumer by regulation is thus illusory.

Rather than isolating the consumer from the dishonest businessman., it is gradually destroying the only reliable protection the consumer has: competition for reputation.

While the consumer is thus endangered, the major victim of "protective" regulation is the producer: the businessman. Regulation which acts to destroy the competition of businessmen for reputation undermines the market value of the good will which businessmen have built up over the years. It is an act of expropriation of wealth created by integrity. Since the value of a business -- its wealth -- rests on its ability to make money, the acts of a government seizing a company's plant or devaluing its reputation are in the same category: both are acts of expropriation.

"Expropriation", that is, rape.

Moreover, "protective" legislation falls in the category of preventive law. Businessmen are being subjected to governmental coercion prior to the commission of any crime. In a free economy, the government may step in only when a fraud has been perpetrated, or a demonstrable damage has been done to a consumer; in such cases the only protection required is that of criminal law.

Government regulations do not eliminate potentially dishonest individuals, but merely make their activities harder to detect or easier to hush up. Furthermore, the possibility of individual dishonesty applies to government employees fully as much as to any other group of men. There is nothing to guarantee the superior judgment, knowledge, and integrity of an inspector or a bureaucrat -- and the deadly consequences of entrusting him with arbitrary power are obvious.

The crux of this particular problem is that not only is economic agents' reputation devalued, but bureaucrats themselves are not subject to a judgment of their reputation. By Constitution, each n years a bunch of people are elected, which may or may not lead to some bureaucrat or another taking the office in another's stead⁵. How does the reputable constructor know that the new bureaucrat isn't just there to get him? Or, as it happens in Romania's case, what do you do when you know that the newly-instated bureaucrats are there specifically to put down their adversaries and not for any sort of imagined public interest?

The hallmark of collectivists is their deep-rooted distrust of freedom and of the free-market processes; but it is their advocacy of so-called "consumer protection" that exposes the nature of their basic premises with particular clarity. By preferring force and fear to incentive and reward as a means of human motivation, they confess their view of man as a mindless brute functioning on the range of the moment, whose actual self-interest lies in "flying-by-night" and making "quick kills." They confess their ignorance of the role of intelligence in the production process, of the wide intellectual context and long-range vision required to maintain a modern industry. They confess their inability to grasp the crucial importance of the moral values which are the motive power of capitalism. Capitalism is based on self-interest and self-esteem; it holds integrity and trustworthiness as cardinal virtues and makes them payoff in the marketplace, thus demanding that men survive by means of virtues, not of vices. It is this superlatively moral system that the welfare statists propose to improve upon by means of preventive law, snooping bureaucrats, and the chronic goad of fear.

Meanwhile, note that a bunch of decades later, Greenspan helped grow exactly that sad state of affairs which he decries in this essay. So, what next?

Next is not exactly much. Since we've remembered Orwell, we remark that he was correct in his prediction that "the proles" cannot come to have anything even faintly resembling political awareness⁶. That said, it is ridiculous to believe that the boot can stamp the human face forever; the human will continue to live much despite this attack on integrity, and long after the unsustainable etatist will have rotten.